ArticleBMC women's health2025
Psychological traits associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use and dependence: an exploratory cross-sectional study among female athletes.
Article in BMC women's health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Confidence in Managing Use and Minimising Harm as Mediators of Quality of Life among Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Consumers in Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Settings.European addiction research · 2026Article
- Understanding Age-Based Differences in Psychosocial Harms, Physical Harms, and Access Difficulties Among an International Sample of Men Who Use Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2025Article
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Muscle Dysmorphia and Anabolic Steroid-Related Psychopathology: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Psychological correlates of performance-enhancing drug use: Emotional, cognitive, and social functioning in long-term and short-term users.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are commonly taken to increase muscle size and enhance performance. However, AAS can lead to many adverse effects, including challenges with mental health and behavior. This study aims to identify behavioral and psychological correlates of AAS use, and explore associations with dependence symptoms among female weightlifters.
methodsA sample of n = 32 female weightlifters, including 16 with reported AAS use completed questionnaires including the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). AAS dependence was evaluated using the Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Group comparisons were made using Welch's t-tests between control and AAS groups, and AAS dependent and non-dependent groups. Exploratory correlation analyses were computed between symptoms of dependence and behavioral and psychiatric scales.
resultsFemales who had used AAS had higher levels of both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, including antisocial and attention problems, as well as aggressive traits. The most prevalent dependence symptoms were time spent on activities surrounding AAS use (n = 7, 50%), and using more or for longer than planned (n = 6, 42.9%). Dependence symptoms were associated with several ASEBA scales: tolerance was correlated with aggressive behavior (ρ = 0.79, p < 0.001), withdrawal was correlated with attention problems (ρ = 0.78, p < 0.001), and being unable to quit use was associated with anxious/depressive (ρ = 0.80, p < 0.001) and internalizing problems (ρ = 0.79, p < 0.001).
conclusionsFemales who currently or previously used AAS demonstrated significantly more difficulties with maladaptive functioning and aggressive traits compared to those who have never used. Attention problems and aggressive behavior were also associated with symptoms of AAS dependence, though longitudinal studies are required to determine the direction of this relationship.
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