ReviewInternational journal of epidemiology2025
Practical application of hybrid effectiveness-implementation studies for intervention research.
Review in International journal of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Guiding principles for pragmatic randomised trials of tuberculosis treatments.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2026Review
- A Formative Evaluation of Parental Perceptions Related to Acceptability, Appropriateness, Feasibility, and Reported Use of an e-Learning Resource Targeting Diet in the First 1000 Days: Survey Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- The Relevance, Delivery, and Effects of Health Management, Leadership, and Governance Training on Managers' Practices and Organizational Results: A Protocol for an Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Type 2 Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Proactive health behaviour intervention strategies for older T2DM patients with multimorbidity: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial with hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation design.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Co-Developing a Culturally Responsive, Theory-Informed Dyadic Mind-Body Intervention to Improve Sleep and Wellbeing in People with Dementia and Their Caregivers in the UK.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Monash learning health system maturity matrix: codesign of a tool to measure and guide improvement in complex health system behaviour.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Staged, life-cycle approach to evidence generation for digital health interventions in low- and middle-income countries.BMJ digital health & AI · 2026Review
- Data-Driven Implementation Trials: Realizing Their Full Potential in Achieving the Promise of Learning Health Systems.Learning health systems · 2026Article
- Decentralization of hepatitis B care in sub-Saharan Africa: study protocol for a prospective cohort assessing three models of care in rural Ethiopia.BMC health services research · 2025Observational
- Non-pharmacological interventions for delirium in critically ill children: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hybrid effectiveness-implementation studies have emerged to address design challenges that researchers face when assessing evidence-based intervention implementation in real-world settings. Hybrid studies maximize the usefulness of effectiveness studies by allowing both effectiveness and implementation research questions to be included in the same study, regardless of the research design (observational, individually randomized trials, cluster-randomized trials, preference designs, adaptive designs, etc). Hybrid studies utilize implementation science methods to facilitate integration of research findings into public health programming, health-care practice, and community and policy settings. In this article, we describe the three types of hybrid studies, which exist on a continuum depending on the emphasis placed on the effectiveness vs the implementation research questions. We discuss common implementation outcomes with examples of how the stage (or phase) of implementation can influence selection of implementation outcomes. We then summarize hybrid study examples from recent literature and present practical considerations when designing a hybrid study. Finally, we outline examples of implementation-focused research questions to consider asking by phase of implementation and discuss related sampling approaches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.