ArticleEuropean journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe2026
3D-Printed Multi-Coloured Teeth Comprising Material Gradients for Dental Education-A Pilot Study.
Article in European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- A Reproducible Digital Workflow for Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Teeth with Anatomically Stratified Enamel and Multi-Material Caries for Preclinical Operative Dentistry.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo develop realistic training teeth composed of multi-material colours and gradients and evaluate them in comparison with the standard model and extracted teeth with a group of students. MATERIAL AND
methodThree different teeth were virtually designed by use of multiple STL-compartments and additively manufactured with different material gradients like colour, hardness and functional properties in a single printing process using MultiJet technology. The teeth included simulated hard-/softissues and restorative materials like enamel, dentin, pulp, carious dentin, composite, amalgam, and gutta-percha. The selected teeth were tested by a group of 25 clinical students in a volunteer hands-on course. They had experience in caries removal, post insertion and preparation on real patients. Study procedures included the removal of a faulty direct and indirect restoration, of gutta-percha as well as of carious dentin. The properties of the printed teeth for each task were assessed by the students using grades (1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = sufficient, 5 = poor). Conventional model teeth and extracted real teeth served as reference.
resultsIn comparison to standard model teeth, printed teeth were rated 1.1 ± 0.7, with a grade of 2.4 ± 1.2 for haptic impression and 1.2 ± 0.8 for realistic perception of the exercise. In comparison to extracted teeth, the colour of the enamel(2.1 ± 1.4), the dentin(1.8 ± 1.3) and the carious lesion(1.2 ± 0.8) were evaluated with overall good or very good values. The new features were rated with 1.2 ± 0.7 for the Amalgam filling, 1.0 ± 0.3 for the caries lesion, 1.4 ± 1.5 for the crown, and 2.0 ± 1.0 for the gutta-percha.
conclusionThe results of the pilot study confirm the potential of multi-material additive manufacturing for educational purposes. Students preferred printed teeth in comparison with conventional acrylic and extracted teeth, considering the simulation of a training scenario close to clinical reality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.