Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40323352›Full record

ArticleCanadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique2025

Everyday racism experiences, healthcare access, and self-rated health: A study of Black men in Ontario, Canada.

Egbe B Etowa, Josephine P Wong, Roger Antabe, Francisca Omorodion, Josephine Etowa, Isaac Luginaah, Rade Zinaic, Carl James, Winston Husbands

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Egbe B EtowaDaphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada. eetowa@torontomu.ca.ORCID 0000-0003-0982-755X
Josephine P WongDaphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Roger AntabeDepartment of Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Francisca OmorodionDepartment of Sociology & Criminology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
Josephine EtowaSchool of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Isaac LuginaahDepartment of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Rade ZinaicDaphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Carl JamesFaculty of Education, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Winston HusbandsDalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Funding

CIHRHIV/AIDS and STBBI Research Initiative CIHR Catalyst Grant (CDE-184602)Ontario HIV Treatment Network EFP-1131-WHA
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesWe explored the determinants and health-related outcomes of everyday racism (EDR) experienced by Black men in four Ontario cities in the context of HIV.

methodsData were obtained from a CIHR-funded study that examined HIV vulnerability and resilience among Black men. The sample size was 866 (Ottawa [n = 210], Toronto [n = 343], London [n = 157], and Windsor [n = 156]). We applied the generalized linear model (GLM) to estimate the effects of EDR and other factors on (i) difficulty accessing healthcare and (ii) self-rated health. Next, using GLM, we determined the predictors of EDR. We measured difficulty accessing healthcare (difficulty accessing = 1, otherwise = 0) and self-rated health (good/very good/excellent = 1, otherwise = 0) as binary outcome variables. EDR was measured with the short version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale.

resultsOf the Black men per city, 75‒85% experienced at least one of the five dimensions of EDR. EDR was associated with increased difficulty accessing health care, and fair to poor self-rated health (p < 0.05). EDR increased with residency in a smaller city (e.g. Windsor relative to Toronto), years of living in Canada, housing adequacy, traditional masculinity score, and individual resilience (p < 0.05). Collective resilience predicted reduced EDR.

conclusionRacism experiences persist among Black men in Ontario and remain a key determinant of healthcare access and well-being among Black men. A multipronged approach, including ending anti-Black racism through transformation of organizational and governmental policies, promoting collective resilience within communities, and encouraging social reconstruction of the Black masculine ideologies, may be a practical approach to improving their health outcomes.

Indexed as

Black PeopleDiagnostic Self EvaluationHealth Services AccessibilityHealth StatusRacismAdultHumansMaleMiddle AgedOntarioSelf ReportYoung AdultHealthcare access and Black menHeterosexualityMasculinityRacismSelf-rated health

Identifiers

PMID40323352
PMCPMC12076983

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.