Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40321845›Full record

ArticleOBM integrative and complimentary medicine2025

Parenting Behavior and Early Childhood Mental Health: Cortisol Awakening Response as a Moderator of Child Internalizing and Externalizing.

Nicole E Mahrer, Gabrielle R Rinne, Christine M Guardino, Danielle A Swales, Madeleine Ullman Shalowitz, Sharon Landesman Ramey, Christine Dunkel Schetter

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in OBM integrative and complimentary medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nicole E MahrerUniversity of La Verne, Psychology Department, 1950 Third Street La Verne, CA 91750, USA.
Gabrielle R RinneUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Christine M GuardinoStony Brook University, Department of Psychology, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
Danielle A SwalesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Dr # 1, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
Madeleine Ullman ShalowitzNorth Shore University Health System Research Institute, 1001 University Pl, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
Sharon Landesman RameyFralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
Christine Dunkel SchetterUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Funding

Preconception and Prenatal Stress: Pathways to Child Biology and BehaviorR01HD072021 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI DUNKEL SCHETTER, CHRISTINE · 2013 to 2017
$3.0M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD072021
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Certain observable parenting behaviors contribute to the risk of children developing internalizing and externalizing problems. Yet parenting behaviors do not affect all children uniformly and effects may depend on identifiable child characteristics. One factor is a child's biological sensitivity to the caregiving environment, an indicator of which is a stress hormone, cortisol. This longitudinal study examines two dimensions of observable parenting behaviors, responsive and rejecting/harsh. These parenting behaviors and child cortisol awakening response (CAR) were measured during home visits in a sample of 100 mostly low-income White and Latina/Hispanic mothers and their children at ages 4-6. Children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed one year later. We tested the effects of responsive and harsh/rejecting parenting on child internalizing and externalizing and examined child CAR as a moderator. Results indicated that responsive parenting predicted better child mental health as indexed by fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviors, whereas harsh/rejecting parenting predicted more internalizing behaviors. Harsh/rejecting parenting interacted with child CAR such that harsh/rejecting parenting predicted more externalizing only among children with low CAR; there was no interaction of responsive parenting with child CAR. These results elucidate how child CAR may shape mental health outcomes associated with harsh/rejecting parenting.

Indexed as

cortisol awakening responseearly childhoodexternalizinginternalizingParenting

Identifiers

PMID40321845
PMCPMC12046604

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.