ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2025
Smoking alters effective connectivity of resting-state brain networks in mild cognitive impairment.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Progress of Research on Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Review
- Network localization of gray matter alterations in chronic smokers using the normative functional connectome.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Relationship between sedentary time and cognitive decline in hypertensive patients-mediating role of the weight-adjusted waist circumference index.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Multifactorial stratified analysis of two novel metabolism-related indices for predicting stroke in mild cognitive impairment.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BackgroundSmoking, a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with impaired functional connectivity in resting-state networks (RSNs). This study investigates how smoking affects brain effective connectivity (EC).ObjectiveInvestigate smoking-associated EC alterations.MethodsWe identified 129 cognitively unimpaired (CU: 85 non-smokers, 44 smokers) and 84 mild cognitive impairment (MCI: 55 non-smokers, 29 smokers) participants. Granger causality analysis was used to calculate the directed interactions of information flows based on the seed areas of the default mode network, executive control network, and salience network. Mixed-effect analyses were performed to explore the interactive effects of smoking × cognitive status. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated correlations between EC values and longitudinal cognitive decline.ResultsMixed-effect analyses revealed significant interactive EC differences among 4 groups: (1) Smoking MCI individuals showed reduced EC from the left putamen to the frontoinsular cortex (FIC) compared to the smoking CU and non-smoking MCI group; (2) Non-smoking MCI subjects had lower EC from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to the right inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) than non-smoking CU; (3) Smoking CU subjects exhibited increased EC from the DLPFC to the left middle cingulate cortex compared to the with the non-smoking CU and smoking MCI individuals. Additionally, EC
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