ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Spatial variation and multilevel determinants of malaria infection among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa: using malaria indicator surveys.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping inequity: spatial clustering of malaria in pregnancy in the Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia (2018-2024).BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Household malaria risk perception in Ethiopia: multilevel and spatial analysis using the 2022-2023 National Health Equity Survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- A six years trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Central Ethiopia Region.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Malaria and Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Visiting Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and the Impact of Malaria on Anemia in Pregnant Women Attending ANC in North Gondar Zone, Northern Ethiopia.BioMed research international · 2026Article
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Abstract
backgroundMalaria remains a major public health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, with pregnant women being particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects, including increased risk of maternal and neonatal mortality. Despite significant efforts to control malaria, high infection rates persist, especially in underserved areas. Existing studies have identified individual-level factors as contributors to malaria infection, yet the influence of community-level factors and spatial variations remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the spatial variation and multilevel determinants of malaria infection among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa.
methodsData from the Malaria Indicator Surveys across 19 Sub-Saharan African countries were used for analysis. The study included a total of 107,712 pregnant women aged 15-49. Spatial autocorrelation was employed to assess the spatial dependency of malaria infection. Kriging interpolation was used to predict malaria infection in the unsampled areas. Factors associated with malaria infection were considered significant at p-values < 0.05. The adjusted odds ratio and confidence intervals were used to interpret the results. A model with the lowest deviance and highest log-likelihood ratio was selected as the best-fit model.
resultsThe pooled prevalence of malaria among pregnant women was 28.31% (95% CI: 27.47, 29.20). Factors associated with higher odds of malaria infection included advanced maternal age (AOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.37), no formal education (AOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.80), non-use of bed nets (AOR: 6.63, 95% CI: 3.20, 13.73), use of untreated bed nets (AOR: 4.16, 95% CI: 3.72, 8.49), no use of indoor residual spraying (AOR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.63, 2.64), rural residence (AOR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.64, 2.41), and residing in West Sub-Saharan Africa (AOR: 6.58, 95% CI: 5.67, 7.64) were determinants of malaria infection.
conclusionsThis study revealed a high malaria infection rate among pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa, with both individual and community-level factors playing a significant role. Health policies should prioritize targeted interventions for pregnant women, especially in rural areas, with an emphasis on increasing bed net use, indoor residual spraying, and region-specific strategies, particularly in West Sub-Saharan Africa where malaria clustering is notably high.
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