ArticleJournal of advanced research2026
AMPCliff: Quantitative definition and benchmarking of activity cliffs in antimicrobial peptides.
Article in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antimicrobial peptides: emerging next-generation strategy for sustainable plant disease management.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2026Review
- Harnessing Machine Learning Approaches for the Identification, Characterization, and Optimization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
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Abstract
introductionActivity cliff (AC) is a phenomenon that a pair of similar molecules differ by a small structural alternation but exhibit a large difference in their biochemical activities. This phenomenon affects various tasks ranging from virtual screening to lead optimization in drug development. The AC of small molecules has been extensively investigated but limited knowledge is accumulated about the AC phenomenon in pharmaceutical peptides with canonical amino acids.
objectivesThis study introduces a quantitative definition and benchmarking framework AMPCliff for the AC phenomenon in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) composed by canonical amino acids.
methodsThis study establishes a benchmark dataset of paired AMPs in Staphylococcus aureus from the publicly available AMP dataset GRAMPA, and conducts a rigorous procedure to evaluate various AMP AC prediction models, including nine machine learning, four deep learning algorithms, four masked language models, and four generative language models.
resultsA comprehensive analysis of the existing AMP dataset reveals a significant prevalence of AC within AMPs. AMPCliff quantifies the activities of AMPs by the metric minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and defines 0.9 as the minimum threshold for the normalized BLOSUM62 similarity score between a pair of aligned peptides with at least two-fold MIC changes. Our analysis reveals that these models are capable of detecting AMP AC events and the pre-trained protein language model ESM2 demonstrates superior performance across the evaluations. The predictive performance of AMP activity cliffs remains to be further improved, considering that ESM2 with 33 layers only achieves the Spearman correlation coefficient 0.4669 for the regression task of the -log(MIC) values on the benchmark dataset.
conclusionOur findings highlight limitations in current deep learning-based representation models. To more accurately capture the properties of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), it is essential to integrate atomic-level dynamic information that reflects their underlying mechanisms of action.
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