ArticleJournal of advanced research2026
Dual effects of vaginal Candida albicans on human papillomavirus infection: A large-scale multicenter study in Chinese women.
Article in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cervicovaginal Mycobiome Restructuring by HPV and Bacterial Community State Types in a Kazakhstani Shotgun Metagenomic Cohort:International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Candida albicans and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Lactobacillus-Deficient HIV-Negative Adolescent Girls and Young women.Mycopathologia · 2026Article
- Associations between vaginal microecological status and high-risk human papillomavirus positivity in women from Eastern China: a retrospective cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The dual role of vulvovaginal candidiasis in HPV infection: implications for vaginal microecology and cervical lesions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectivesVaginal infections caused by Candida albicans and human papillomavirus (HPV) are common, yet their interactions remain complex and poorly understood.
methodsWe conducted a nationwide, multicenter cohort study in China involving 6,689 women aged 18 to 50 years to examine the association between C. albicans infection and HPV acquisition and persistence. C. albicans infection was defined by positive results on both wet-mount microscopy and culture. HPV genotypes (21 types) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs, eight types) were detected using polymerase chain reaction. Cervical lesions were assessed via the ThinPrep cytologic test (TCT).
resultsIn cross-sectional analyses, C. albicans infection was associated with a lower likelihood of concurrent HPV detection (odds ratio (OR), 0.92, 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.88-0.96), affecting both high-risk and low-risk genotypes. However, longitudinal follow-up analyses revealed that baseline C. albicans infections was linked to an increased risk of persistent HPV infection among women already infected (hazard ratio (HR), 1.77, 95 % CI, 1.03-3.06). The presence of C. albicans was not significantly associated with other STIs or abnormal cervical cytology. These findings suggest a dual effect of C. albicans on HPV: protection against initial viral acquisition but promotion of viral persistence in those already infected.
conclusionsOur findings reveal an unexpected dual role of C. albicans in HPV infection: initial protective effects, followed by enhanced viral persistence during co-infection. These results highlight the complexity of host-microbe interactions in the vaginal environment and underscore the need to consider fungal colonization in the natural history of HPV. The contrasting effects of C. albicans on HPV acquisition and persistence provide novel insights into the complex dynamics of polymicrobial interactions in the female reproductive tract. SIGNIFICANCE: Statement: This study demonstrates for the first time that C. albicans exhibits opposing effects on HPV infection at different stages, suggesting stage-specific host-microbe interactions that may influence viral pathogenesis. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of fungal colonization in viral infections and may inform strategies for HPV management.
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