Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40317332›Full record

ArticleHernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery2025

Burden of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias in India: A systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs from global burden of disease study 1990-2021 with projections to 2031.

Prakasini Satapathy, Ashutosh Jena, Abhay M Gaidhane, Nasir Vadia, Soumya V Menon, Kattela Chennakesavulu, Rajashree Panigrahi, Manpreet Kaur, Ganesh Bushi, Muhammed Shabil and 8 more

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Article in Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Prakasini SatapathyCenter for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
Ashutosh JenaNoida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India.
Abhay M GaidhaneSchool of Epidemiology and Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Global Health Academy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India.
Nasir VadiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marwadi University Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India.
Soumya V MenonDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Kattela ChennakesavuluDepartment of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Rajashree PanigrahiDepartment of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
Manpreet KaurDepartment of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India.
Ganesh BushiChitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
Muhammed ShabilUniversity Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Mayank GoyalIES Institute of Pharmacy, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India.
Harish KumarTughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi Institute of Management, New Delhi, India.
Anju RaniDepartment of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, India.
Sabah AnsarDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Sanjit SahDepartment of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-Be-University), Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India.
Mahalaqua Nazli KhatibDivision of Evidence Synthesis, Global Consortium of Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India.
Khang Wen GohFaculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia.
Diptismita JenaCentre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140417, Punjab, India. diptismita.jena@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0003-0555-2704

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHernias are a major health concern in India, with varying incidence and prevalence influenced by socio-demographic factors. Despite global advances in hernia management, regional disparities are evident within India.

methodThis analysis utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to examine inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias across India from 1990 to 2021, categorized by ICD-10 codes. Key metrics analyzed included prevalence, incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), with age-standardized rates (ASRs). The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) for incidence and mortality, Spearman correlation for assessing the relationship between Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and hernia metrics, and ARIMA models for future trend projections were employed.

resultBetween 1990 and 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of hernias in India decreased from 143.85 to 137.05 per 100,000, a reduction of 4.72%, despite a 46% increase in the absolute number of hernia cases due to population growth. Mortality rates significantly declined by 57.05%. DALYs also decreased from 98.01 to 43.51 per 100,000. Projections for 2031 indicate stabilization of incidence rates and an increase in prevalence.

conclusionsSignificant improvements in hernia management in India have been achieved over three decades, driven by advances in healthcare and socio-demographic progress. However, the rising number of cases and expected increase in prevalence highlight the need for enhanced healthcare strategies and resource allocation to manage the hernia burden effectively.

Indexed as

Hernia, AbdominalHernia, FemoralHernia, InguinalAdultDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleForecastingGlobal Burden of DiseaseHumansIncidenceIndiaMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceARIMAEAPCGlobal Burden of DiseaseHerniaIndiaSocio-Demographic Index

Identifiers

PMID40317332

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.