Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40316665›Full record

ArticleCommunications medicine2025

SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses in convalescent individuals over 12 months reveal severity-dependent antibody dynamics.

Nadia Siles Alvarado, Maisey Schuler, Cole Maguire, Dzifa A Amengor, Annalee W Nguyen, Rebecca E Wilen, Jacob Rogers, Sam Bazzi, Blaine Caslin, Christopher DiPasquale and 11 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Communications medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Nadia Siles Alvarado *Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Maisey Schuler *Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Cole MaguireDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-9762
Dzifa A AmengorDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Annalee W NguyenDepartment of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1268-7164
Rebecca E WilenDepartment of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Jacob RogersDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Sam BazziDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Blaine CaslinDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Christopher DiPasqualeBabson Diagnostics, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-4112-6005
Melissa AbiganiaBabson Diagnostics, Austin, TX, USA.
Eric OlsonBabson Diagnostics, Austin, TX, USA.
Janelle CreaturoDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Kerin HurleyDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-9905-8871
Todd A TriplettDepartment of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-6510
Justin F RousseauDepartment of Population Health, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2817-9124
Stephen M StrakowskiDepartment of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Dennis WylieCenter for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Jennifer A MaynardDepartment of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0363-8486
Lauren I R EhrlichDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. lehrlich@austin.utexas.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-1755
Esther MelamedDepartment of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. Esther.melamed@austin.utexas.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-3591

Funding

The contribution of GPCRs to thymocyte medullary entry and central toleranceR01AI104870 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI Lauren Ilyse Richie EHRLICH · 2014 to 2026
$7.6M
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Division of Intramural Research of the NIAID) R01AI104870NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI104870U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) NIAAA K08 T26-1616-11
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDefining the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses is critical for informing the management of reinfections, vaccinations, and therapeutics of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

methodsUsing four antibody assays, we evaluated antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and receptor binding domain (RBD) in 98 convalescent participants with varying COVID-19 disease severities (asymptomatic, mild, moderate or severe) at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months post-SARS-CoV-2-positive PCR and in 17 non-vaccinated, non-infected controls.

resultsIncreasing acute COVID-19 disease severity correlates with higher anti-N and anti-RBD titers throughout 12 months post-infection. Anti-N and anti-RBD titers decline over time in all participants, except for increased anti-RBD titers post-vaccination, with hospitalized participants exhibiting faster decay rates. Less than 50% of participants retain anti-N titers above controls at 12 months, with non-hospitalized participants falling below controls sooner. Nearly all participants maintain anti-RBD titers above controls for 12 months, suggesting long-term protection against severe reinfections. Nonetheless, by 6 months, few participants retain >50% of their initial 1-month anti-N or anti-RBD titers. Notably, vaccine-induced anti-RBD titers are higher in non-hospitalized participants. Lastly, early convalescent titers correlate with age but not with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) status or steroid use.

conclusionHospitalized participants initially develop higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers that decline faster relative to non-hospitalized participants. While anti-N titers fall below control levels in some participants, anti-RBD titers remain above controls over 12 months, demonstrating long-lived antibody responses known to protect against severe disease. These findings advance our understanding of COVID-19 antibody dynamics.

Identifiers

PMID40316665
PMCPMC12048490

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.