Vigorous technique for augmented lifetime in WSNs.

Energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become a critical concern due to the proliferation of sensors in internet-connected devices. Existing solutions often address energy efficiency in isolation, failing to consider the complex interplay of factors affecting WSN performance. In this context, this study proposes an integrated approach, Vigorous Technique for Augmented Lifetime (ViTAL), which holistically addresses the challenges of node positioning, network topology, radio conditions, and node mobility to optimize energy efficiency in WSNs. The proposed approach consists of three phases: minimizing the number of nodes to cover a specific area, constructing a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) for packet routing, and integrating the 4-factor Cluster Head (CH) selection model in the WSNs. This multi-faceted approach is necessary to overcome the limitations of existing methods that often focus on single aspects of WSN optimization, leading to suboptimal overall performance. The results demonstrate that ViTAL's integrated approach, which combines optimized deployment through HSA and efficient routing using CDS, significantly outperforms traditional protocols in both static and mobile scenarios. In static environments, ViTAL achieves average improvements of 80.9%, 62%, and 58% in network lifetime compared to LEACH, EE-LEACH, and I-LEACH respectively, when using optimized deployment. The overall throughput experiences average increases of 83%, 59%, and 52%, while the average residual energy is enhanced by 68%, 58%, and 41%, respectively. In mobile scenarios, ViTAL extends the lifespan of the first node by 68.2%, 49%, and 42%, and increases the number of rounds before the last node becomes inactive by 74%, 52%, and 36% compared to LEACH, EE-LEACH, and I-LEACH. The throughput in mobile environments improves by 57%, 50%, and 37%, respectively, showcasing ViTAL's adaptability to node mobility.