ArticleMolecular cell2025
Activation of bacterial programmed cell death by phage inhibitors of host immunity.
Article in Molecular cell, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- How bacterial immune systems sense phage infection.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Immune safeguarding as a conserved principle of antiviral defence.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Article
- Systematic mapping of bacteriophage gene essentiality with HIDEN-SEQ.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Phage terminase recognition by the bacterial immune sensors Avs2 and Upx.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics of defense systems in mobile genetic elements: Cui bono?Research square · 2026Article
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics of defense systems in mobile genetic elements: Cui bono?bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Antiphage defence systems Druantia III and Zorya II synergise via shared DNA intermediates in a phage-specific manner.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A phage protein screen identifies triggers of the bacterial innate immune system.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Co-occurrence of diverse defense systems shapes complex microbe-virus relationships in deep-sea cold seeps.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Targeting TRIM25 as a therapeutic strategy to enhance ferroptosis in glioblastoma cells.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Ecological determinants of altruism in prokaryote antivirus defense.Biology direct · 2025Article
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- Viral effectors trigger innate immunity across the tree of life.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Anti-restriction functions of injected phage proteins revealed by peeling back layers of bacterial immunity.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bacterial and archaeal viruses are replete with diverse uncharacterized accessory genes (AGs), which likely interface with host processes. However, large-scale discovery of virus AG functions remains challenging. Here, we developed an integrated computational and experimental discovery platform to identify viral AGs and assign functions. We show that multiple AGs activate unexpected programmed cell death (PCD) activity of distinct restriction-modification (R-M) systems. We describe an exapted type I R-M decoy that kills the host upon sensing several different anti-defense AGs and a self-guarded type III R-M system that restricts phages but also induces PCD when bound by anti-R-M proteins. Other phage counter-defense genes additionally activate non-R-M-based abortive infection systems encoded by prophages. This defense strategy creates a conundrum: lose AGs and be exposed to immunity or keep AGs and trigger PCD. Strategies employed by viruses to avoid this double bind could be an important factor in virus evolution that remains to be explored.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.