SynthesisPloS one2025
Efficacy of probiotics in patients with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A dual-database bibliometric analysis of post-COVID-19 condition and cognitive dysfunction (2021-2025).Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Altered tryptophan metabolism as a contributor to cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease: a narrative review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Challenging the prescientific frameworks of criminal justice: neurobiology and criminolytic interventions in the legalome era.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- The gut is guilty! Will legalomics transform forensic and legal psychology?Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- TLRs and NLRs modulate oral microbiome involvement in Alzheimer's disease.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Neurodegeneration and aging: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic targets.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- From Bacillus Criminalis to the Legalome: Will Neuromicrobiology Impact 21st Century Criminal Justice?Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Promoting cognitive health through the nexus of gut microbiota and dietary phytochemicals.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo conduct an in-depth exploration of the specific impacts of probiotics and prebiotic supplements on cognitive impairment, it is imperative to also investigate pertinent factors, including the optimal dosage of probiotics for enhancing cognitive function. This investigation is essential for optimizing probiotic interventions to prevent and treat cognitive decline, aimed at preventing and aiding in the treatment of cognitive decline among patients with cognitive impairment.
methodsA comprehensive computerized search was conducted across the Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang and WeiPu Data. Studies targeting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. This search covered a timeframe extending from the inception of each database to September 2024. Following an independent process of literature screening, data extraction, and rigorous quality assessment conducted by two investigators, a meta-analysis was performed using Stata 15.0 software.
resultsA total of ten studies, involving 778 patients, were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that probiotics were effective in enhancing cognitive function among patients with cognitive impairment, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.98; P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis further demonstrated that the largest effect size was observed for studies utilizing the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale as the outcome measure (SMD = 0.88). Additionally, the greatest efficacy was associated with single-strain probiotics (SMD = 0.81), and interventions lasting ≤12 weeks exhibited the most pronounced effect (SMD = 0.61).
conclusionProbiotics have been shown to enhance cognitive function, with a probiotic intervention program featuring a single probiotic strain and a duration of ≤12 weeks demonstrating particularly robust efficacy in improving cognitive function, as assessed by the MMSE scale.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.