ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025
Serum 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Measurements for the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Carcinoid Syndrome.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Flushing: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and a Structured Diagnostic Approach.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
- Neuroendocrine tumours through an epigenetic lens: Emerging insights for diagnosis and treatment.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextThe biochemical diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome (CS) is established through the measurement of 24-hour urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), but these measurements are prone to sampling error and may be troublesome for patients. Serum 5-HIAA measurements might constitute a more reliable and convenient alternative to diagnose CS.
objectiveTo assess the diagnostic value of serum 5-HIAA measurements in patients with CS.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingTertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: 379 patients with a neuroendocrine tumor (NET), of whom 136 (35.9%) had CS; 153 control samples were included.
interventionPaired serum and 24-hour urine 5-HIAA measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Performance of serum and 24-hour urine 5-HIAA for the diagnosis of CS, measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).
resultsSerum 5-HIAA performance was similar to that of 24-hour urine 5-HIAA for the diagnosis of CS in the total NET cohort (n = 379, AUROC 0.824 vs 0.843, P = .50) and in a subgroup of somatostatin analog (SSA)-naïve patients (n = 141, AUROC 0.915 vs 0.938, P = .66). Optimal cutoff value of serum 5-HIAA for the diagnosis of CS was 139.4 nmol/L (sensitivity 96.3%, specificity 87.6%) as determined in a subgroup analysis of SSA-naive patients with CS and controls. Serum 5-HIAA correlated well with 24-hour urine 5-HIAA (r = 0.892, P < .001) and the presence of flushing, diarrhea, and carcinoid heart disease (odds ratio 1.047-1.073 for every 100 nmol/L increase, P < .001).
conclusionSerum 5-HIAA measurements are equivalent to 24-hour urine 5-HIAA measurements for the diagnosis of CS in patients with NET and form an accessible alternative.
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