Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40313233›Full record

Observational studyEmergency medicine Australasia : EMA2025

The incidence and determinants of traumatic brain injury deaths occurring outside hospital in Australia.

Gerard M O'Reilly, Afsana Afroz, Kate Curtis, Biswadev Mitra, Yesul Kim, Emma Solly, Courtney Ryder, Kate Hunter, Delia V Hendrie, Nick Rushworth and 2 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Gerard M O'ReillyNational Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5763-917X
Afsana AfrozNational Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Kate CurtisSusan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-3746-0348
Biswadev MitraEmergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-0508-2450
Yesul KimNational Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Emma SollyNational Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Courtney RyderThe George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Kate HunterThe George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Delia V HendrieSchool of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Nick RushworthBrain Injury Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Jin TeeNational Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Mark C FitzgeraldNational Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-0183-7761

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council MRF2007671
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo identify the determinants of death occurring outside of hospital following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (msTBI) across Australia.

methodsDesign, setting: Retrospective observational study using National Coronial Information System (NCIS) data.

participantsPeople who died during the five-year study period between 2015 and 2020 and were recorded in the NCIS as having intracranial injury as a cause or contributor to death. MAJOR OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the location of death, specifically whether death occurred outside an acute hospital setting.

resultsThere were 3751 deaths with msTBI, of which 1064 (28.4%) occurred outside of an acute hospital setting and 605 (16.1%) occurred outside any medical service. The odds of death occurring outside hospital were lower for male patients (odds ratio [OR]: 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5-0.7), penetrating injuries (OR 5.2, 95% CI: 3.0-8.9) and highest in the Northern Territory followed by Queensland. The odds of death occurring outside any medical service area (e.g. hospital, rehabilitation, nursing home) were higher for: younger adults (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 1.0-12.7), those with penetrating injuries (OR 8.9, 95% CI: 4.5-17.3), and where the time between injury and death was less than 24 h. The odds of death outside any medical service area were less for people with msTBI in South Australia (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.0-0.2).

conclusionApproximately, one in six msTBI deaths occurred outside of any medical service area. Opportunities exist to improve access to emergency care for people sustaining msTBI across Australia.

Indexed as

Brain Injuries, TraumaticAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAustraliaFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective Studiescoronial datainjuryprehospital caretraumatraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID40313233
PMCPMC12046458

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.