ArticleImmunity2025
Monocytes can efficiently replace all brain macrophages and fetal liver monocytes can generate bona fide SALL1
Article in Immunity, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Microbiota-Driven microglia reprogramming reverses depressive-like behaviors through Peripheral-to-Central immune crosstalk.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Early glymphatic failure in AppNL-F knock-in mice is linked to parenchymal border macrophages loss.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Promoting donor microglial replacement through augmented conditioning or radiation sensitivity.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy: experimental models and potential for treatment.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Review
- Depletion and replacement of tissue-resident macrophages in mice with germ-line deletion of a conserved enhancer in the Csf1r locus.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Brain-engrafted monocyte-derived macrophages from blood and skull-bone marrow exhibit distinct properties.Neuron · 2026Article
- Sex-Dependent Effects of CSF1R-Mediated Myeloid Cell Depletion in a Mouse Model of Multiple System Atrophy.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Characterizing Infiltrating Macrophages in Intracranial Aneurysm with IA Animal Models and Spatial Transcriptomics.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- Engulfment by brain macrophages in a short-lived vertebrate.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Ketamine reduces microglial activation and brain monocyte infiltration and promotes peripheral regulatory immune cells, relieving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Immune dysfunction in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Diversity and immune dynamics of choroid plexus macrophages are shaped by distinct developmental origins.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Microglia replacement by peripheral delivery of CSF1R inhibitor-resistant hematopoietic cells.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Functional border-associated macrophages limit Alzheimer's Disease progression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Allogeneic MHC-mismatched microglia-like cell replacement as a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal Double-Edged Sword of Macrophages: Temporal Regulation of Neuroinflammation and Neurorepair in Ischemic Stroke.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells are regulated by osteopontin, an endogenous extracellular matrix protein maintaining immune homeostasis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are critical for brain health, and their dysfunction is associated to disease. Replacing brain macrophages holds substantial therapeutic promise but remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that monocytes can efficiently replace all brain macrophages. Monocytes readily replaced embryonal BAMs upon their depletion and engrafted as monocyte-derived microglia (Mo-Microglia) upon more sustained niche availability. Mo-Microglia expanded comparably to their embryonic counterparts and showed similar longevity. However, monocytes were unable to replicate the distinct identity of embryonically derived BAMs and microglia. Using xenotransplantation, we found that human monocytes exhibited similar behavior, enabling identification of putative Mo-Microglia in Alzheimer's disease individuals. In mice and humans, monocyte ontogeny shaped their identity as brain macrophages. Importantly, mouse fetal liver monocytes exhibited a distinct epigenetic landscape and could develop a bona fide microglial identity. Our results illuminate brain macrophage development and highlight monocytes as an abundant progenitor source for brain macrophage replacement therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.