ArticleVaccine2025
Mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination.
Article in Vaccine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 response in alveolar blood sample and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Elicits a Strong Mucosal Antibody Response That May Facilitate Quicker Mucosal Viral Clearance.Viruses · 2026Article
- Delivery of monoclonal antibodies using mRNA lipid nanoparticles confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Mucosal Immune Responses in People Living with HIV May Confer Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Infections After COVID-19 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Versatile Platforms for Systemic and Mucosal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- XBB 1.5 monovalent booster vaccination stimulates oral mucosal and systemic immune responses in healthy adults.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Mucosal antibody and cytokine responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Association of COVID-19 vaccines and antibody response in individuals with prior Coronavirus infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The vaccine platform used for COVID-19 primary immunization shapes the quality of the human B cell response to a vaccine boost.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Cancer and COVID-19: A review of immune insights and partnerships to inform public health strategy.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026Review
- Kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in saliva and serum post infection, and subsequent vaccination in South Africa.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Assessing COVID-19 IgG levels among vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals in Mthatha - South africa: A case-control approach.Virusdisease · 2025Article
- Beyond the Blood: Insights Into Mucosal Immunity Among SARS-CoV-2-Vaccinated Kidney Transplant Recipients.Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation SocietyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate in the community. We hypothesise that mucosal immunity is required to prevent continuing viral acquisition and transmission.
objectivesTo determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination elicits specific neutralising antibodies in saliva, and to assess the longevity of protection.
methodsInitially, 111 COVID-19 convalescent participants were recruited, 11-369 days after diagnosis. Saliva and blood samples were assayed for antibodies specific for Spike protein, Receptor Binding Domain and Nucleoprotein. In a second cohort, 123 participants were recruited. Saliva and serum antibodies to the same antigens were assayed before and after their first and second COVID-19 vaccinations, with 150 day follow up.
resultsNatural infection induces and boosts IgA and IgG in oral fluid and serum; vaccination does not induce or boost specific saliva IgA; IgG can be found in saliva after vaccination, but only when serum IgG concentrations are high; IgA is important for SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation activity by oral fluid, but there can also be contributions from serum IgG and other factors.
conclusionsNew COVID-19 vaccines should target both systemic and mucosal immunity, to establish a first line of immune defence at the mucosal barrier. This would benefit vulnerable patient populations and may help to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 circulation.
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Registered trials
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