ArticleClinical pharmacokinetics2025
Scoping Review of Paediatric Population Pharmacokinetic Models of Morphine.
Article in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Pharmacological therapy of neonatal analgosedation: current status, dilemmas, and perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objective and purposeThis scoping review aimed to summarise all available population pharmacokinetic models of morphine and its metabolites (morphine-3-glucoronide [M3G], morphine-6-glucoronide [M6G]) in children and describe how morphine exposure varies across paediatric age groups and settings. Identifying the factors that contribute to pharmacokinetic variability may improve our understanding of a patient's pharmacodynamic response to morphine.
methodsWe searched Embase and MEDLINE databases from inception to 8 March 2024 for paediatric population pharmacokinetic models of morphine and its metabolites. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts and extracted the data. The review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.
resultsIn total, 21 paediatric population pharmacokinetic models of morphine were identified; 12 studies also included morphine metabolites (M3G and/or M6G). Neonates and young children (< 6 years) were the most studied age groups (18/21; 86%), whereas older children (> 6 years) and adolescents (> 10 years) were included in only 6 of the 21 (29%) models. Morphine pharmacokinetics were most commonly described with two-compartment (52%) and one-compartment (38%) structure with first-order elimination. Several model covariates were identified: bodyweight, post-natal age for neonates, body temperature, therapeutic cooling, duration of mechanical ventilation, and genetic variation in drug transporters that mediate the uptake of morphine (e.g. OCT1).
conclusionSeveral population pharmacokinetic models of morphine and its metabolites in paediatrics have been published across diverse patient groups. Bodyweight and age-related covariates emerged as the most common factors affecting clearance and distribution; other covariates, including mechanical ventilation, therapeutic cooling, and genetic variation, also impacted morphine pharmacokinetics. Further research should focus on validating the predictive accuracy of paediatric morphine models in different patient populations and the combined effect of covariates, such as those related to critical illness and genetic variation, on morphine pharmacokinetics.
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