ReviewChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2025
A Theoretical Link Between the GH/IGF-1 Axis and Cytokine Family in Children: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.
Review in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Heat-KilledNutrients · 2026Trial
- [Prospects and mechanistic insights into the use of recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Review
- Comparison of IGF-1 Serum and Nutritional Status in Pediatric Ventricular Septal Defect: A Case-Control Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Growth Outcomes in Children with Familial Mediterranean Fever: A Question Beyond Chronic or Relapsing Inflammation.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictors of Response to Growth Hormone Therapy in Children with Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sleep and Cytokines: A Bidirectional Dialogue Involving Rest and Immunity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Role of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Modulating Disease Severity in Children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Lipocalin-2 levels in children with idiopathic short stature.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Sex Steroid Priming on Growth Hormone Stimulation Test: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Growth Failure in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Five-year disease-modifying therapeutic experience of 102 Chinese paediatric 5q-spinal muscular atrophy: a retrospective analysis.Brain communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesGrowth in childhood and adolescence is influenced by a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors, with growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) playing crucial roles in linear growth and development. However, chronic inflammation, often detected in situations like inflammatory bowel disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, can significantly disrupt the GH/IGF-1 axis, causing a relevant growth impairment.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective review focusing on the role of cytokines in the GH-IGF-1 axis and growth.
resultsInflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 have been shown to contribute to GH resistance through an array of mechanisms that involve the downregulation of GH receptors and alterations in IGF-1 metabolism. This disruption negatively impacts the growth plate, particularly by impairing chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, which are essential for proper bone elongation. This review delves into the intricate relationship among growth, chronic inflammation, and GH-IGF-1 axis, emphasizing the contribution of inflammatory cytokines in modulating GH signaling. It also highlights how cytokines can interfere with the molecular pathways that regulate skeletal growth, ultimately leading to growth disturbances in children suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases.
conclusionsThe findings underscore the importance of controlling inflammation in affected individuals to mitigate its detrimental effects on growth and ensure that children may reach their growth full potential.
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