Neoantigen-based immunotherapy: advancing precision medicine in cancer and glioblastoma treatment through discovery and innovation.

Neoantigen-based immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer treatment, offering precision medicine strategies that target tumor-specific antigens derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic alterations unique to cancer cells. These neoantigens serve as highly specific targets for personalized therapies, promising more effective and tailored treatments. The aim of this article is to explore the advances in neoantigen-based therapies, highlighting successful treatments such as vaccines, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, T-cell receptor-engineered T cells therapy (TCR-T), and chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy (CAR-T), particularly in cancer types like glioblastoma (GBM). Advances in technologies such as next-generation sequencing, RNA-based platforms, and CRISPR gene editing have accelerated the identification and validation of neoantigens, moving them closer to clinical application. Despite promising results, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and resistance mechanisms persist. The integration of AI-driven tools and multi-omic data has refined neoantigen discovery, while combination therapies are being developed to address issues like immune suppression and scalability. Additionally, the article discusses the ongoing development of personalized immunotherapies targeting tumor mutations, emphasizing the need for continued collaboration between computational and experimental approaches. Ultimately, the integration of cutting-edge technologies in neoantigen research holds the potential to revolutionize cancer care, offering hope for more effective and targeted treatments.