ArticleCureus2025
Breast Reconstruction With Subpectoral, Air-Filled Tissue Expander Following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: A Safe Alternative to Saline-Filled Tissue Expanders.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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10 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCompared with immediate implant-based reconstruction, staged reconstruction using tissue expanders has been reported to have decreased nipple and mastectomy flap necrosis. Immediate filling of the expander with saline can place unnecessary pressure on the mastectomy flaps, increasing the risk of ischemia. Tissue expanders come packaged pre-expanded with air. We propose using tissue expanders with factory air at the index surgery to optimize nipple positioning and decrease skin and nipple necrosis; this also allows the draping of redundant skin to prevent skin wrinkling and nipple retraction. Methods: A single-center, retrospective, and single-surgeon cohort study of 53 patients (91 breasts) was performed. Patients included in the study underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) followed by immediate two-staged implant-based breast reconstruction. Patient demographics and tissue expander-associated complications were abstracted from electronic medical records.
resultsOf the 53 patients, the most frequent complication was wound dehiscence, occurring in three patients (5.7%). Less common, self-limited complications included one case of hematoma and one case of seroma (1.9% each). There was also one reported tissue expander infection (1.9%). There were no incidents of other postoperative complications of interest, such as skin flap necrosis, nipple necrosis, nipple-areola complex (NAC) malposition, tissue expander malposition, and adjuvant treatment delay.
conclusionOur results indicate subpectoral placement of tissue expanders, with the manufacturer's original air still intact, did not result in NAC or mastectomy flap necrosis in any patient. Additionally, there were no instances of NAC or tissue expander malpositioning, nor were there delays in preplanned adjuvant cancer treatment. Furthermore, the absence of complications specifically associated with air-based tissue expander placement underscores the safety of this technique and supports its continued clinical use.
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