What influences Indian primary school children's food behaviors? - Perceptions of children, mothers and teachers.

backgroundDevelopment of healthy food behaviors in childhood is significant for optimum growth and development of children as well as future health. However, many Indian children display unhealthy dietary habits including poor intakes of fruits and vegetables and excessive consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods and sugar-sweetened beverages. Therefore, the factors that influence their daily diet need to be explored for developing future interventions and policies. In this light, the present inquiry was designed to examine the various influences on the food behaviors of Indian primary school children.

methodsInformed by the socio-ecological framework, this study used an exploratory qualitative research approach to conduct semi-structured interviews with 22 primary school children, 19 mothers, and 18 teachers residing in Varanasi, India. For children, the interviews were preceded by a drawing session where the interviewees were asked to draw their preferred and non-preferred food and beverage items. Interviews were carried out in English or Hindi and digitally recorded. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved. Digital recordings were transcribed verbatim and translated to English (where necessary) for the purpose of thematic analysis. The transcripts were coded both deductively and inductively using the NVivo software program.

resultsIndividual level influences included taste and nutritional knowledge. At the interpersonal level, the family food environment and peers emerged as key determinants. The physical environment also played a pivotal role in determining food behaviors, with the school food environment and food availability in the marketplace being significant. Lastly, at the societal level, television and internet advertisements were frequently cited as important determinants of children's food behavior.

conclusionsThe collective insights from the three stakeholder groups have the potential to inform public health nutrition policies and interventions targeting the different socio-ecological factors to encourage healthy eating in Indian primary school children.