Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40307213›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Stronger and prolonged El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Early Eocene warmth.

S Abhik, Dietmar Dommenget, Shayne McGregor, David K Hutchinson, Sebastian Steinig, Jiang Zhu, Fabio A Capitanio, Daniel J Lunt, Igor Niezgodzki, Gregor Knorr and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

S AbhikSchool of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. abhik.climate@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-367X
Dietmar DommengetSchool of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-7719
Shayne McGregorSchool of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3222-7042
David K HutchinsonClimate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-4782
Sebastian SteinigSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3700-1106
Jiang ZhuClimate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0908-5130
Fabio A CapitanioSchool of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2131-8723
Daniel J LuntSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3585-6928
Igor NiezgodzkiInstitute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-8332
Gregor KnorrAlfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Wing-Le ChanAtmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-6104
Ayako Abe-OuchiAtmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-5952

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO, 56-48 million years ago) is investigated using a multi-model ensemble of deep-time climate simulations. We reveal that ENSO sea surface temperature variability during the EECO had significantly longer periodicity and stronger amplitude than present-day conditions. These changes are attributed to intensified ocean-atmosphere feedback processes and enhanced in-phase tropical inter-basin interactions within a broader ocean basin compared to the present-day. Sensitivity experiments in coupled ocean-atmosphere models suggest that tectonic changes, particularly the expansion of the tropical ocean basin, play a dominant role in amplifying ENSO variability and extending its periodicity, while stronger inter-basin connections further enhance ENSO amplitude. Elevated atmospheric CO

Identifiers

PMID40307213
PMCPMC12044086

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.