ArticlePloS one2025
The association between weight-adjusted waist index and respiratory symptoms in U.S adults: A national cross-sectional study.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The metal mixture inflammatory index has been associated with an increased prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and higher all-cause mortality.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Phenotypes and endotypes of cough in asthma.Therapeutic advances in respiratory diseaseReview
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and respiratory symptoms, including cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, as well as the related respiratory diseases, namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, in adults.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 14,760 adults aged over 40 years, drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2003 and 2012. Weighted logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the association between WWI and respiratory symptoms, including cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, as well as related respiratory diseases such as COPD and asthma. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed to stratify the data by age, gender, and race. Additionally, smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analyses were utilized to explore potential non-linear relationships between WWI and respiratory symptoms, as well as the associated respiratory diseases.
resultsAfter adjusting for covariates, a positive association was observed between WWI and respiratory symptoms, including cough, wheezing, and dyspnea [odds ratio (OR): 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29-1.50; OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.51-1.73; OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.50-1.67]. This association extended to related respiratory diseases such as COPD and asthma (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30-1.54; OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.33-1.54). Subgroup analyses indicated that the relationship between WWI and wheezing was modified by race, whereas dyspnea was influenced by age, gender, and race. For COPD, the association was affected by gender. Smoothed curve fitting revealed nonlinear, J-shaped associations between WWI and cough, COPD, and asthma (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.29-1.50, P < 0.001; OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30-1.54, P < 0.001; OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.33-1.54, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the breakpoint (K) was found to be 9.99 for both wheezing and dyspnea, with P < 0.05 for log-likelihood ratios in both instances.
conclusionsThis study provides evidence linking elevated levels of WWI to an increased risk of respiratory symptoms, including cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, as well as associated respiratory diseases such as COPD and asthma in U.S adults. These findings offer novel insights into the management of respiratory symptoms and diseases.
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