Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40304860›Full record

ArticleBrain informatics2025

Explainable CNN for brain tumor detection and classification through XAI based key features identification.

Shagufta Iftikhar, Nadeem Anjum, Abdul Basit Siddiqui, Masood Ur Rehman, Naeem Ramzan

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Brain informatics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Shagufta IftikharDepartment of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Nadeem AnjumDepartment of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Abdul Basit SiddiquiDepartment of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Masood Ur RehmanJames Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
Naeem RamzanSchool of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK. naeem.ramzan@uws.ac.uk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite significant advancements in brain tumor classification, many existing models suffer from complex structures that make them difficult to interpret. This complexity can hinder the transparency of the decision-making process, causing models to rely on irrelevant features or normal soft tissues. Besides, these models often include additional layers and parameters, which further complicate the classification process. Our work addresses these limitations by introducing a novel methodology that combines Explainable AI (XAI) techniques with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture. The major contribution of this paper is ensuring that the model focuses on the most relevant features for tumor detection and classification, while simultaneously reducing complexity, by minimizing the number of layers. This approach enhances the model's transparency and robustness, giving clear insights into its decision-making process through XAI techniques such as Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-Cam), Shapley Additive explanations (Shap), and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME). Additionally, the approach demonstrates better performance, achieving 99% accuracy on seen data and 95% on unseen data, highlighting its generalizability and reliability. This balance of simplicity, interpretability, and high accuracy represents a significant advancement in the classification of brain tumor.

Indexed as

Brain tumor classificationConvolutional neural networkDeep learningExplainable AI

Identifiers

PMID40304860
PMCPMC12044100

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.