Analysing WAHIS Animal Health Immediate Notifications to Understand Global Reporting Trends and Measure Early Warning Capacities (2005-2021).

The World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) from the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) is an online reporting system, essential for ensuring the transparency and accuracy of global animal health. One of the WOAH's objectives is to disseminate timely notifications to support countries' efforts to prevent and control the spread of animal diseases. This paper describes the 3,263 exceptional events notified through immediate notifications sent to WOAH from 2005 to February 2021 and their distribution in time and space and by disease. To evaluate the timeliness of reporting, we defined and analysed two periods: the confirmation period (CT), which is the time interval between the disease onset date and the confirmation date, and the notification period (NT), defined as the interval between the disease confirmation and the date of reporting to WOAH. The results showed that (1) the number of events increased over the analysis period; (2) the events were mainly reported for domestic animals and the data provided for wildlife were limited; (3) the official source of disease introduction was often unknown when the event was reported; and (4) the global median CT value was 5 days while the global median NT value was 4 days, with a decreasing trend in both cases over the study period. Divergences were found across world regions and country income categories. This analysis provides interesting insights into the early detection capabilities and transparency of countries, globally and over time.