ArticleTransboundary and emerging diseases2025
Highly Pathogenic Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Influenza Virus in Seabirds in France, 2022-2023.
Article in Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Counting cases, conserving species: addressing highly pathogenic avian influenza in wildlife.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Between-species contagion drives HPAI transmission and mass mortality in seabirds.The Journal of animal ecology · 2026Article
- Pathological evidence of neurotropism and oculotropism in wild black-headed gulls naturally infected with H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Global dynamics of avian influenza: a twenty-year analysis of highly pathogenic viruses linking the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa sectors (2005-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Circumpolar spread of avian influenza H5N1 to southern Indian Ocean islands.Nature communications · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2022, a very high number of wild bird deaths associated with the detection of highly pathogenic (HP) H5 avian influenza virus (AIV) lineage Gs/GD/96, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were unusually observed in Europe between May and September, whereas prior to 2022 most of these HP H5 AIVs detected in wild birds in Europe were almost all detected between October and March and few between April and September. In France, wild birds affected by this virus during this unusual period were mainly seabirds, including larids and sulids. Although the abnormal mortalities in larids and sulids were reported simultaneously, sequencing of the complete genomes of the viruses identified in these seabirds showed that sulids are mainly infected with genotype EA-2020-C, whereas larids are mainly infected with genotype EA-2022-BB. The identification of these two genotypes, therefore, confirmed that there was no direct link between the abnormal mortality observed in sulids and the abnormal mortality observed in larids. These two seabird mortality events can also be distinguished by the evolutionary pattern of the number of detections. Indeed, sulid mortality associated with the EA-2020-C genotype was observed in France only between July and September, corresponding to a single epidemic wave, whereas larid mortality associated with the EA-2022-BB genotype began in France and Europe in May 2022 and then this genotype continued to spread among larids in France in the form of several successive epidemic waves until at least September 2023.
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