ArticleRadiation oncology (London, England)2025
Application of 3D-printed compensators for proton pencil beam scanning of shallowly localized pediatric tumors.
Article in Radiation oncology (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluations of Penumbra Reduction Using Multi-Leaf Collimator and 3D Bolus in Scanned Proton Therapy.International journal of particle therapy · 2026Article
- A review on radiological properties of fused deposition modelling material for three-dimensional printing in proton and light ion beam therapy.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026Review
- A Review of 3D-Printed Medical Devices for Cancer Radiation Therapy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn modern proton radiotherapy facilities with pencil beam scanning technology, the lowest energy of a proton beam typically ranges between 60 and 100 MeV, corresponding to a proton range in water of 3.1-7.5 cm. The irradiation of superficial lesions usually requires the application of a range shifter (RS) to further reduce the proton range. A certain distance from the patient to the RS increases the spot size, causing worse plan conformity. As an alternative solution, a patient-specific 3D-printed proton beam compensator (BC) can be applied to reduce the air gap and beam scattering. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis study is based on treatment planning system simulations using retrospectively selected data from six pediatric patients with diagnosed sarcomas located in the head and neck area. For three of these patients, 3D-printed compensators were utilized during the treatment phase, prior to the retrospective analysis. Treatment plans for children with shallow lesions treated using RSs and BCs were compared. Planning target volume constraints (D
resultsThe application of BCs reduced the low-dose irradiation areas, improved conformity and reduced critical organs exposure. BCs decreased the lateral spot size by approximately 57% and the penumbras by 41-47% at different depths in the cube target. The variation in BC homogeneity was less than 3.5%, meeting the criteria for plan robustness evaluation.
conclusionsCompared with RS placement at the nozzle, the placement of 3D-printed BCs in the near vicinity of the patient for the treatment of superficial tumors led to a more conformal dose distribution.
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