ReviewCell death discovery2025
Immunotherapy for autoimmune encephalitis.
Review in Cell death discovery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Recurrence of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsy: An Exploratory Case-Control Study.Biomolecules · 2026Observational
- Mania and psychosis following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: A report of two cases and mechanistic discussion.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis in Acute Care-Pathology, Diagnosis, and Management.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Exploring pathways leading to drug-resistant epilepsy for patients with cryptogenic new onset refractory status epilepticus.Epilepsia · 2026Article
- Neuronal autoantibodies in neurodegenerative dementia: From evidence to clinical framework.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- [Association Between T Lymphocyte Mitochondrial Function and Disease Activity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Article
- Clinical utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview.World journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Article
- Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis With Neuropsychiatric Presentation: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Preliminary observations on the efficacy of efgartigimod in anti-LGI1-associated autoimmune encephalitis.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system: advances in clinical trials and immunotherapeutic strategies.Reumatologia · 2026Review
- The cell-mediated adaptive immune response to herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis: mechanisms and clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comparing the efficacy of first-line immunotherapies in autoimmune encephalitis: a scoping review.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic challenge of GAD65-associated autoimmune encephalitis mimicking post-traumatic complications in an older adult: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Tocilizumab Treatment in Refractory Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Immunopathological mechanisms in autoimmune encephalitis: from pathogenesis to targeted therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Case Report: A case of anti-mGluR1 antibody-associated encephalitis treated with efgartigimod combined with rituximab.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Sequential FcRn blockade and B-cell depletion for treatment-refractory relapsing autoimmune encephalitis: a three-patient case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Anti-Kelch-like protein 11 antibody encephalitis presenting with progressive cognitive deficits in an older woman: a case report and literature review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is increasingly recognized as a cause of brain disorders that greatly benefit from immunotherapy. Starting treatment quickly and increasing the use of immunotherapy can lead to better results for AE patients. Currently, there are standardized treatment guidelines for treating AE. First-line therapy includes intravenous corticosteroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Second-line therapy involves rituximab, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine. Third-line therapy uses agents that deplete plasma cells (bortezomib, daratumumab, and obinutuzumab), drugs that modulate cytokines (tocilizumab, anakinra, tofacitinib, and interleukin-2), and treatments that target intrathecal immune cells (intrathecal methotrexate). This review aims to summarize the immunotherapeutic strategies available for treating AE and provide an update on refractory AE.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.