Magnesium-assisted hydrogen improves isoproterenol-induced heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality among patients with cardiovascular disease and is often associated with myocardial apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). While hydrogen has demonstrated potential in reducing oxidative stress and ERS, recent evidence suggests that magnesium may aid in hydrogen release within the body, further enhancing these protective effects. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of magnesium in reducing apoptosis and ERS through hydrogen release in a rat model of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced HF. Magnesium was administered orally to ISO-induced HF rats, which improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, and lowered the plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin-I, and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor in ISO-induced HF rats. It also inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis by upregulating B-cell lymphoma-2, downregulating Bcl-2-associated X protein, and suppressing ERS markers (glucose-related protein 78, activating transcription factor 4, and C/EBP-homologous protein). Magnesium also elevated hydrogen levels in blood, plasma, and cardiac tissue, as well as in artificial gastric juice and pure water, where hydrogen release lasted for at least four hours. Additionally, complementary in vitro experiments were conducted using H9C2 cardiomyocyte injury models, with hydrogen-rich culture medium as the intervention. Hydrogen-rich culture medium improved the survival and proliferation of ISO-treated H9C2 cells, reduced the cell surface area, inhibited apoptosis, and downregulated ERS pathway proteins. However, the protective effects of hydrogen were negated by tunicamycin (an inducer of ERS) in H9C2 cells. In conclusion, magnesium exerts significant cardioprotection by mitigating ERS and apoptosis through hydrogen release effects in ISO-induced HF.