ArticlePloS one2025
Determinants of incomplete immunization among 12-23 months old children in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial distribution and multilevel determinants of unvaccinated children in Somaliland: analysis of the 2020 Somaliland Health and Demographic Survey (SLHDS).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Determinants of incomplete childhood immunisation among children aged 12-23 months in Koore Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a community-based case-control study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Spatial distribution of full immunization and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in Madagascar: a spatial and multilevel analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVaccinations saved over 37 million lives between 2000 and 2019. Despite this, Ethiopia's Expanded Program of Immunization has struggled to meet its goals, and little has been studied on the community and individual level determinants of incomplete immunization. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the predictors of incomplete immunization among Ethiopian children aged 12-23 months using Ethiopian Mini Demographic Health Survey 2019 (EMDHS 2019).
methodsThe study used data from EMDHS 2019 and about 1029 children aged 12-23 months were included in the study. STATA version 17.0 statistical software was used to manage and analyze data. Multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. An AOR with 95%CI, and P < 0.05 were used to determine strength of association and declare significance level, respectively.
resultsThe factors maternal age ranges of 15-24 (AOR: 4.23; 95%CI: 2.17-8.26) and 25-34 (AOR: 2.68; 95%CI: 1.56-4.61), family size ≥5 (AOR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.24-3.30), ≤3 antenatal care visits (AOR: 2.32; 95%CI: 1.43-3.75), no postnatal care (AOR: 2.20; 95%CI: 1.23-3.95), rural residence (AOR: 2.54; 95%CI: 1.08-6.25), low (AOR=3.55; 95% CI: 1.32-9.55) and moderate (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.55-7.00) community-level antenatal care services utilization, and low community-level institutional delivery (AOR: 3.93; 95%CI: 1.35-11.50) were the significant determinant factors of incomplete immunization in Ethiopia.
conclusionYoung maternal age, family size, inadequate ANC, rural residence, not utilizing PNC services, and poor wealth status were the individual level determinants of incomplete immunization. Low and moderate level of ANC services utilization, and low community level institutional delivery service utilization were the factors determining incomplete immunization at the community level. Therefore, the health decision makers better to be committed to design strategies to enhance complete immunization coverage and maternal and child health services.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.