SynthesisPloS one2025
Safety and efficacy of programmed cell death-1 inhibitors in relapsed immune-privileged site lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Primary central nervous system lymphoma in the molecular era: genomic drivers, liquid biopsy, and targeted therapeutic strategies.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- Unraveling the immune microenvironment in primary CNS lymphoma.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Hematological Malignancies: Current Status and Future Directions.Cancers · 2026Review
- Review
- Targeting PD-L1 for PCNS-DLBCL: from molecular effects to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLarge B-cell lymphoma of immune-privileged sites (LBCL-IP) is a rare subtype characterized by immune evasion properties. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) are examples of LBCL-IP associated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Few studies have investigated the use of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with relapsed PCNSL and PTL.
objectiveTo conduct a systematic review evaluating the efficacy and safety of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with relapsed PCNSL and PTL.
methodsWe searched the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases for relevant studies. The inclusion criteria focused on adult patients diagnosed with relapsed PCNSL or PTL who were treated with PD-1 inhibitors. We excluded case reports or series with fewer than five participants, review articles, and animal studies. A random-effects model with the DerSimonian‒Laird method analyzed the pooled complete response rate (CRR), partial response rate (PRR), overall response rate (ORR), and progression-free survival (PFS) rate.
resultsSeven studies comprising 127 patients (124 with relapsed PCNSL and 3 with PTL) were included. All patients were treated with either nivolumab or pembrolizumab. The pooled CRR was 42.8% (95% CI, 25.7%‒60.0%; I2 = 75.25%; p < 0.001), indicating high heterogeneity. The pooled PRR was 17.1% (95% CI, 9.5%‒24.7%; I2 = 18.71%; p = 0.287), with nonsignificant heterogeneity. The pooled ORR was 67.1% (95% CI, 44.9%‒89.4%; I2 = 88.64%; p < 0.001), indicating high heterogeneity. The 6-month PFS rate was 34.8% (95% CI, 18.1%‒51.5%; I2 = 27%; p = 0.242), with low heterogeneity. Thirty-eight adverse events were reported. The most common were skin reactions (14 events; 36.8%), fatigue (11 events; 28.9%), and nausea (6 events; 15.8%).
conclusionsOur study demonstrates that PD-1 inhibitors show promising efficacy in relapsed PCNSL and PTL, with significant responses observed. The adverse effects were mild, with the most common being skin reactions. Therefore, PD1 inhibitors have the potential to drive advancements in treatment strategies for relapsed PCNSL and PTL.
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