ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025
A complete and dynamic tree of birds.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Temperature mediates variation in avian sensitivity to forest cover.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Carotenoid-based ornaments predict survival in male but not female birds: A meta-analysis.iScience · 2026Article
- A global database of West Nile virus host prevalence and competence.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Forest Conversion Drives Divergent Responses in Bird and Mammal Diversity: Stand Structure Matters for Birds, Elevation for Mammals.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Color and Near-Infrared Reflectance Covary in Distinct Ways Across Taxa.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Disentangling the Evolutionary Cause-Effect Relationships of Environment, Sexual Selection, and Body Size With Birdsong Frequency.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Codon usage bias and molecular evolution ofFrontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Quill Mites Parasitising African Shrikes: New Host Records and Distributional Insights Into Host and Habitat Specificity.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Spatial Patterns of Diversity in Forest Birds of Peninsular India.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Biomechanics of raptorial dorsiflexion and tensile material properties of the m. tibialis cranialis tendon in the hindlimbs of hawks and owls.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Evolutionary history reveals information on the functionality of ear tufts in owls (family: Strigidae).Frontiers in zoology · 2025Article
- Parental investment and body temperature explain encephalization in vertebrates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A wide range of abiotic and biotic variables leaves most variation in bird nest architecture unexplained.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Great expectations: altricial developmental strategies are associated with more flexible evolution of limb skeleton proportions in birds.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- North American bird declines are driven by reductions in common species.Science advances · 2025Article
- Synthesizing decades of research into one tree for birds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- AvianLexiconAtlas: A database of descriptive categories of English-language bird names around the world.PloS one · 2025Article
- From Micro to Macro: Avian Chromosome Evolution is Dominated by Natural Selection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Climate and ecology predict latitudinal trends in sexual selection inferred from avian mating systems.PLoS biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We present a complete, time-scaled, evolutionary tree of the world's bird species. This tree unites phylogenetic estimates for 9,239 species from 262 studies published between 1990 and 2024, using the Open Tree synthesis algorithm. The remaining species are placed in the tree based on curated taxonomic information. The tips of this complete tree are aligned to the species in the Clements Taxonomy used by eBird and other resources, and cross-mapped to other taxonomic systems including the Open Tree of Life (Open Tree), National Center for Biotechnology Information, and Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The total number of named bird species varies between 10,824 and 11,017 across the taxonomy versions we applied (v2021, v2022, and v2023). We share complete trees for each taxonomy version. The procedure, software, and data stores we used to generate this tree are public and reproducible. The tree presented here is Aves 1.3 and can be easily updated with new phylogenetic information as new estimates are published. We demonstrate the types of large-scale analyses this data resource enables by linking geographic data with the phylogeny to calculate the regional phylogenetic diversity of birds across the world. We will release updated versions of the phylogenetic synthesis and taxonomic translation tables annually. The procedure we describe here can be applied to developing complete phylogenetic estimates for any taxonomic group of interest.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.