Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40299691›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025

Intelligent self-correcting growth of uniform Bernal-stacked bi-/trilayer graphene.

Wei Ma, Lai-Peng Ma, Xiao Kong, Han Yan, Zhibo Liu, Tiannan Han, Chao Zhu, Hui-Ming Cheng, Zheng Liu, Feng Ding and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Wei Ma *Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.ORCID 0000-0001-8034-1865
Lai-Peng Ma *Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.ORCID 0000-0002-8866-6063
Xiao Kong *National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, 2020-Xlab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China.ORCID 0000-0001-5363-0450
Han YanSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
Zhibo LiuShenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
Tiannan HanShenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
Chao ZhuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-1589-855X
Hui-Ming ChengShenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.ORCID 0000-0002-5387-4241
Zheng LiuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
Feng DingSuzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
Wencai RenShenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.ORCID 0000-0003-4997-8870

Funding

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZDBS-LYJSC027Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program () XLYC2201003MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs) 2022YFA1204900MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 52188101 52272051 52172057 52002375 62304235
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

State-of-the-art synthesis strategies of two-dimensional (2D) materials have been designed following the nucleation-dominant pattern for structure control. However, this classical methodology fails to achieve the precise layer- and stacking-resolved growth of wafer-scale few-layer 2D materials due to its intrinsically low energy resolution. Here, we present an intelligent self-correcting method for the high-resolution growth of uniform few-layer graphene. We demonstrate the layer-resolved growth of wafer-scale bilayer and trilayer graphene (BLG and TLG) with selective Bernal stacking through spontaneous correction of the single-layer graphene film with disordered multilayer graphene islands. Theoretical calculations reveal that the self-correcting growth is driven by the stepwise energy minimization of the closed system and kinetically activated by forming a low-barrier pathway for the carbon detachment-diffusion-attachment. Such uniform Bernal-stacked BLG and TLG films show high quality with distinct quantum Hall effect being observed. Our work opens an avenue for developing an intelligent methodology to realize the precise synthesis of diverse 2D materials.

Indexed as

energy resolutiongrapheneintelligent growthnumber of layersstacking order

Identifiers

PMID40299691
PMCPMC12067222

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.