Trial reportThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses After Boosting With a Bivalent Messenger RNA Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine.
Trial report in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04889209 (A Phase 1/2 Study of Delayed Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dosing), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase 1/2 Study of Delayed Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dosing (Boost) After Receipt of EUA Vaccines
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 response in alveolar blood sample and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of individuals vaccinated with inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Early rise in nasal secretory IgA associated with shorter duration of SARS-CoV-2 virus shedding in an acute infection cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Future Goals and Long-term Vision of the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium/Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
37 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMucosal immunity plays a critical role in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and replication. Understanding the capacity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines to elicit both mucosal and systemic antibodies could help optimize vaccination strategies.
methodsWe conducted an open-label, phase 1/2 adaptive-design clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of COVID-19 immunizations. Healthy adults received 2 priming doses of mRNA-1273, a booster dose of mRNA-1273, and a second booster of bivalent (WA-1 and BA.4/BA.5) mRNA-1273.222. Adverse event data were collected. Serum and mucosal immunity were evaluated.
resultsOne hundred six persons were enrolled. Thirty received all 4 study-related vaccine doses. All vaccines were well tolerated, with injection site pain, malaise, myalgias, and headache being the most frequently reported symptoms. Among those who received a second booster, 24 of 30 (80%) had serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Following the second booster, increases in geometric mean binding and pseudovirus neutralization antibody titers to the ancestral strain and BA.1 and BA.5 variants were observed. Increases in mucosal immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in nasal and salivary samples were observed in both previously infected and infection-naive participants, although prior infection markedly boosted virus-specific mucosal IgA responses.
conclusionsThe mRNA-1273.222 booster vaccine was safe and immunogenic and induced mucosal antibody responses in previously infected and infection-naive persons. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT04889209.
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