ArticleJournal of soils and sediments2025
Defining the quality of sediment in the context of the WFD monitoring plans: metal enrichment in two catchments from the north of Portugal.
Article in Journal of soils and sediments, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: Riverbed sediment geochemistry provides useful information regarding metal contamination. To integrate sediment quality in river monitoring, within the WFD, the report of sediment quality to water quality managers must be expeditious. This study revisits the metal enrichment concept, applied to sediments from two mountain catchments, as a useful technique in river monitoring. Methods: Riverbed sediment samples, collected at the end of the Dry and Wet Periods (DP, WP) were analysed for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Fe in fractions < 2 mm and < 63 µm. The metal enrichment factors (EFs) were referenced to distinct background values: average shale (AS), world rivers suspended sediments (WRSS) and Geochemical Atlas of Portugal (GAP). Results: Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contents are higher in the fraction < 63 µm, and at DP. The ranges of variation in fraction < 63 µm are (mg kg Conclusion: Local/regional background, and EFs, are relevant when assessing environmental risks in freshwater systems: low EFs, when associated to natural enrichments, originate values of concern in terms of quality guidelines; high EFs may not imply risk to the fluvial environment. Using the fraction < 63 µm in river monitoring is considered adequate. In dynamic mountain streams, recent sediments and associated contaminants are retained, providing information on possible pollution sources. Identifying metals contamination (or natural enrichment) can help decision-makers to provide solutions for pollution sources. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11368-025-03963-6.
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