ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Global, regional, and national burdens of traumatic brain injury from 1990 to 2021.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Severe traumatic brain injury and long-term survival: a meta-analysis on life expectancy and mortality trends.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of riluzole on cognitive and functional outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial.BMC neurology · 2026Trial
- The global burden of traumatic brain injury in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Nanozyme-based therapeutic strategies for traumatic brain injury.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Retrospective Review of Head Injury: Are Pre-Injury Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy Associated with Acute Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Injectable Supramolecular Hydrogel Encapsulating CRISPR-Engineered MSCs Drives Synergistic Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Surgical Versus Medical Management in Older Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Hemodynamic characterization of cardiac dysfunction after traumatic brain injury using a controlled cortical impact model in male rats.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Formulation Feasibility of a Mechanically Compliant Stearate Organogel-Methylcellulose/Gelatin Bigel for Localized Neurotherapeutic Delivery.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Differentiated SH-SY5Y Model of Hypoxic-Ischaemic Injury Reveals Dynamic Transcriptomic Responses During Reoxygenation.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Article
- Assessment of Sport-Related Brain Injuries with Rapid Objective Perimetry.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Minimal head injury in asymptomatic patients on antithrombotic therapy: is in-hospital observation justified after an initial normal computed tomography scan?Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Safety, Feasibility, and Exploratory Functional Changes During GRILLO© Gait Trainer Use in Adults with Severe Acquired Brain Injury: A Retrospective Observational Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Pre-Clinical Models of Traumatic Brain Injury-A Narrative Review Towards "Animal Neuro-ICUs".Biomedicines · 2026Review
- A scoping review of portable ultra-low-field MRI studies in patients with acquired brain injury: Past, present, and future.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Review
- Reaction of the Blood System of ICR Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Article
- The Dynamics of Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Molecular Markers Useful for Establishing the Post-Traumatic Interval in Forensic Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Relative Incidence of New-Onset Substance Use Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Global Retrospective Multicenter Analysis Using the TriNetX Database.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Global Recognition of Traumatic Brain Injury as a Chronic and Notifiable Condition: A Post-WHA78 Advocacy Commentary.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Early Functional Recovery Trajectories After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Secondary Analysis of the TBIMS National Database.Brain sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Of all the injuries on a global scale, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the most serious consequences for the individual. Depending on its severity, it can be classified as minor, moderate, or severe, but even minor TBI can sometimes still cause severe functional deficits. This study seeks to assess the latest burden of TBI and analyze their differences in terms of country, age, sex, and cause. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases database, the incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and causes of total head injuries, minor TBI, and moderate/severe TBI from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed separately by sex, age group, and region. Results: In 2021, there were 20,837,465 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 18,128,306-23,839,393] new cases of TBI worldwide, with an age-standardized incidence of 259 cases per 100,000 population (95% UI: 226-296). From 1990 to 2021, there was a decline in global age-standardized incidence (estimated annual percentage change: -0.11, 95% UI: -0.18% to -0.04%). In 2021, countries with higher rates will be mainly in Central and Eastern Europe and the Middle East. In 2021, the global incidence of TBI in all age groups was higher in men than in women. Falls are the leading cause for most age groups in most areas. Discussion: TBI still accounts for a significant portion of the global injury burden in 2021, but differences do exist between countries. This study introduced the possibility of TBI with different degrees and the trend of injury causes in different age groups and regions from 1990 to 2021, providing a basis for further research on injury causes in different regions and formulating corresponding policies and protection measures in the future.
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