Incomplete basic vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in resource-limited countries: a spatial and multilevel regression analysis of recent DHS data from 48 countries.

Background: Childhood basic vaccinations are a cost-effective and essential preventive health strategy globally in resource-limited nations. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals aim to reach these ambitious targets, making it crucial to identify underserved populations and address the barriers they face in accessing life-saving immunizations. To date, no spatial analyses have been performed to identify areas of hotspots of incomplete basic vaccination among children in resource-limited countries globally. Therefore, determining the geographic distribution of incomplete basic vaccinations and associated factors is important for prioritizing intervention programs in resource-limited countries. Objective: This study aims to assess incomplete basic vaccinations and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in resource-limited countries based on the recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 48 countries. Methods: Data for the study were drawn from the DHS, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted by considering the era of Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals. A total of 48 resource-limited countries and a total weighted sample of 202,029 children (12-23 months) were included in our study. The data extraction, recoding, and analysis were conducted using STATA V.17. For the spatial analysis (spatial distribution, autocorrelation, and hotspot), ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used, and for the SaTScan analysis, SaTScan version 10.1 software was used. Descriptive statistics were presented using frequency tables and percentages. We employed multilevel logistic regression to investigate the associated factors of incomplete basic vaccination. In the multivariable analysis, variables with a Results: The overall incompleteness of basic vaccination among children in resource-limited countries was 51% (95%CI: 50-51%). The spatial analysis revealed that the incomplete basic vaccination among children significantly varied across resource-limited countries (Global Moran's I = 0.208468, Conclusion and recommendations: The spatial distribution of incomplete basic vaccination was significantly varied across the resource-limited countries. Both individual- and community-level factors were significantly associated with incomplete basic vaccination. Therefore, the World Health Organization and other stakeholders involved in child healthcare should work together to expand childhood vaccination and prioritize the hotspot areas of developing countries.