ArticleJournal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle2025
Associations Between Female Sex Hormones and Skeletal Muscle Ageing: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
Article in Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Serum metabolomic signatures associated with frailty-related phenotypes in a cohort of older people.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Consensus-Defined Sarcopenic Obesity and a Related Dynapenic Obesity Phenotype in Relation to Early Cognitive Impairment.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Treating age-related loss of muscle mass and function: Where should we be focusing?The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Sex hormones and menopause hormone therapy predict muscle strength across the lifespan.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Aging is associated with altered estrogen receptor expression and alters redox protein balance in human female skeletal muscle.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in the Relationship between Body Composition and Insulin Resistance in Older Adults.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Identification of hypophosphatasia in adults with persistent hypophosphatasemia: clinical-genetic characterization and a validated diagnostic tool.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Associations between outdoor light exposure and low muscle mass: An NHANES 2011 to 2014 analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- Automated CT-Based Muscle Density Predicts Mortality Regardless of Muscle Area.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Menopause, Female Sex Hormones, Skeletal Muscle Mass and Muscle Protein Turnover in Humans.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Review
- Hysterectomy accelerates sarcopenia risk in US women and mouse models.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The mediating role of testosterone in the relationship between body fat percentage and diabetes mellitus risk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Menopause and Muscle: Closer to Answers, but Significant Questions Remain.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- The association of ultra-processed foods and risk of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Motor performance and aging in males and females.Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology · 2025Review
- Muscle Biomarkers as Molecular Signatures for Early Detection and Monitoring of Muscle Health in Aging.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related sarcopenia: mechanistic insights, diagnostic advances, and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Body fat percentage and the outcomes of hip fractures in adults aged 50 years and above: a 1-year follow-up study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with sex hormones and body composition in Chinese older adults.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo date, most research investigating the influence of circulating sex hormones on ageing female skeletal muscle has been cross-sectional and focused only on dichotomised young and old, or pre- versus post-menopausal groups. This excludes an important transitional period from high to low circulating oestrogen. Using secondary data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, this study aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between circulating sex hormones and skeletal muscle mass and function across a continuum of ages.
methodsMultiple and binomial linear regression was used to map cross-sectional (n = 319) and longitudinal (n = 83) associations between circulating sex hormones (oestradiol (E2), free oestradiol index (FEI), total (TT) and bioavailable (BioT), testosterone, testosterone/oestradiol ratio (TT/E2)) and skeletal muscle mass and function in healthy females. Cross-sectional models analysed females across an ageing continuum (24-89 years) and longitudinal associations were tested across 4-6 years of ageing in females over 50 years old. Models were adjusted for age, height, physical activity, comorbidities, ethnicity, and follow-up time.
resultsCross-sectionally, serum E2 and FEI were positively associated with relative appendicular lean mass (ALM; β = 0.28 and 0.20, respectively, p < 0.05) and thigh muscle percentage (β = 0.19 and 0.15, respectively, p < 0.05). E2 and FEI were negatively associated with total body fat percentage (β = -0.30 and -0.21, respectively, p < 0.05). BioT was positively associated with absolute ALM (β = 0.13, p < 0.05) and total body fat percentage (β = 0.18, p < 0.05). TT was negatively associated with total body fat percentage (β = -0.14, p < 0.05). The TT/E2 ratio was negatively associated with thigh muscle CSA (β = -0.08, p < 0.05) and hamstring strength (β = -0.12, p < 0.05). Across 4-6 years, decreases in E2 and FEI were associated with a decrease in ALM (β = 0.27 and 0.41, respectively, p < 0.05), and a decrease in FEI was associated with a decrease in handgrip strength (β = 0.21, p < 0.05). Decreases in TT and BioT were associated with an increase in total body fat (β = -0.25 for both, p < 0.05) and a decrease in TT was associated with an increase in hamstring specific force (β = -0.11, p < 0.05).
conclusionThis study demonstrates novel associations between sex hormone levels and skeletal muscle in females across a wide continuum of ages. We also demonstrate that longitudinal fluctuations in circulating sex hormones must be considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of female muscle ageing.
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