Stable Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 allelic diversity despite decreasing parasitaemia in children with multiple malaria infections.

backgroundIndividuals experiencing recurrent malaria infections encounter a variety of alleles with each new infection. This ongoing allelic diversity influences the development of naturally acquired immunity and it can inform vaccine efficacy. To investigate the diversity and infection variability, Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1), a crucial protein for parasite invasion and immune response, was assessed in parasites isolated from children in the Junju cohort, Kilifi County, who experienced at least 10 febrile malaria episodes over a span of 5 years.

methodsPfmsp1 C-terminal region (Pfmsp1

resultsA total of eleven microhaplotypes were observed across all malaria episodes. There were 3 prevalent microhaplotypes, E-KSNG-L, Q-KSNG-L, and Q-KSNG-F in the population. Conversely, microhaplotypes such as Q-KNNG-L, E-KSSR-L, E-KNNG-L, E-KSSG-L, E-TSSR-L (3D7), Q-TSSR-L, E-TSSG-L, and E-KSNG-F were rare and maintained at low frequencies. High allelic replacements were observed, however some individuals experienced consecutive re-infections with the same microhaplotype. Notably, PfMSP1

conclusionsAllelic diversity was stable over time in individuals, based on this limited polymorphic region and small sample size, suggesting that there are no significant shifts in allele frequencies or replacements due to alleles being maintained under balancing selection. The dominant alleles in the population are those frequently observed in these children with multiple malaria episodes, further suggesting that early exposure to dominant alleles does not shift their frequency in the population or prevent repeat infection with the same alleles in subsequent infections. However, a blood stage merozoite vaccine is likely to require a multi-allelic formulation.