ArticleCardiovascular and interventional radiology2025
Treatment of Primary Solid Renal Tumours Using Histotripsy: Study Protocol for the CAIN Feasibility Trial.
Article in Cardiovascular and interventional radiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05432232 (The HistoSonics Investigational System for Treatment of Primary Solid Renal Tumors Using Histotripsy), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The HistoSonics Investigational System for Treatment of Primary Solid Renal Tumors Using Histotripsy
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Research progress on the antitumor immune regulation mechanisms and combined treatment strategies of histotripsy: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Early adoption of image-guided histotripsy therapy in interventional oncology: challenges and opportunities in the United Kingdom.The British journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Early Clinical Histotripsy Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma.Cardiovascular and interventional radiology · 2025Article
- Percutaneous Image-Guided Ablation of Renal Cancer: Traditional and Emerging Indications, Energy Sources, Techniques, and Future Developments.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this prospective, multi-centre, single-arm feasibility trial is to evaluate the technical success and safety profile of the HistoSonics System for the treatment of primary solid renal tumours using histotripsy. METHODS/
designThe CAIN trial will enrol up to 20 patients with a non-metastatic solid renal tumour ≤ 3 cm treated with histotripsy. Histotripsy is a non-thermal and non-ionizing mechanical process of tissue destruction resulting from the targeted delivery of focused ultrasound pulses. The primary endpoints are technical success and freedom from index procedure related major complications. Technical success is defined as complete coverage of the tumour as determined ≤ 36 h post-index procedure by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT). An index procedure related major complication is defined as Clavien-Dindo Classification Grade 3 or higher up to 30 days after the last histotripsy procedure. Treated patients will have a follow-up visit performed at 14 days, 30 days, 90 days, and 180 days post-procedure.
trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT05432232 & NIHR CRN CPMS 53429.
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Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.