ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2025
The landscape of ketamine use disorder: Patient experiences and perspectives on current treatment options.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ketamine uropathy: an update on pathophysiology, complications, and treatment options.The Canadian journal of urology · 2026Review
- Hippocampal subfield differences in people with and without recreational ketamine use: Insights from multi-modal neuroimaging.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Ketamine Use in Self-Described Therapeutic Contexts: A Thematic Analysis of Reddit Posts.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Repeated 7-day exposure to ketamine induces anxiety-like behaviors and neuronal apoptosis in mice via DRD1-medicated inhibition of Akt/Gsk-3β phosphorylation.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Article
- Treating addiction with an addictive drug: the ketamine paradox revisited.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Trends in nonmedical ketamine use, poisonings, related deaths, pharmaceutical diversions, and law enforcement seizures: results from annual population-based repeated cross-sectional studies.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Commentary on Harding et al.: Responding to ketamine use disorder-Integrating practice, research, and whole-system approaches to harm reduction.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- The landscape of ketamine use disorder: Patient experiences and perspectives on current treatment options.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Street ketamine use and differential risk of suicidality among adults in Taiwan.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo report the symptoms and aetiology of ketamine use disorder (KUD), gauge the effectiveness of current treatment services and identify strategies to enhance patient access and outcomes.
designMixed-methods, cross-sectional questionnaire. Electronic survey from November 2023 to April 2024.
settingParticipants were recruited through snowball sampling, social media and referrals from UK addiction treatment services. The survey was open to international participants, with responses collected from the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. PARTICIPANTS/CASES: A total of 274 individuals with self-identified KUD, including both treatment-seeking (40%) and non-treatment-seeking (60%) current or former ketamine users. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 67 years old, with 47.7% identifying as male. Additionally, 58.8% reported a diagnosed mental health disorder. On average, participants consumed 2.0 g of ketamine per day, with treatment-seeking individuals reporting higher average use (M = 2.67 g) than non-treatment-seeking users (M = 1.68 g) (P < 0.001). MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed an online questionnaire addressing their attitudes toward ketamine and treatment services, including questions pertaining to their symptoms of problematic ketamine use, perceptions of education and awareness about KUD, opinions of existing treatment options, and facilitators for seeking treatment.
findingsThe study identified various physical symptoms associated with KUD, with bladder problems (60%), nasal problems (60%) and 'K-cramps' (56%) being commonly reported among all users. In response to these symptoms, the majority (56%) did not seek treatment; among treatment-seeking users only 36% reported feeling satisfied with their care. Symptoms of abstinence syndrome were also identified, including cravings (71%), low mood (62%), anxiety (59%) and irritability (45%). Treatment-seeking participants reported that the services they used had little (31%) or some (31%) awareness of ketamine, were not tailored to ketamine use (43%) and were generally only somewhat effective (43%). Fifty-nine percent of participants reported that there was "definitely not" sufficient awareness in education and peer groups about the risks associated with ketamine use. When asked about the most important factors when choosing a treatment program, cost/affordability was the most cited for all participants.
conclusionsKetamine use disorder (KUD) appears to be associated with a high prevalence of physical and psychological symptoms, including some specifically linked to abstinence. Despite this, most individuals with KUD do not seek treatment, and existing services are often perceived as ineffective.
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