ArticleIntervirology2025
Impact of COVID-19 and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Common Respiratory Viruses in Children: A 5-Year Study in Hangzhou, China.
Article in Intervirology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post‑pandemic shifts in the age distribution of RSV, influenza A, and rhinovirus infections: A four‑year pediatric surveillance study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Long-term epidemiological patterns of pediatric infectious diseases in an urban district of Shanghai, 2015-2023.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) not only curbed the spread of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) but also affected common respiratory viruses infected by children.
methodsSamples of children diagnosed with respiratory tract infection in Children's Hospital affiliated with Zhejiang University from January 2019 to December 2023 were collected, and ADV, Flu A, Flu B, and RSV were detected. Statistical analysis was carried out with R software.
resultsFrom January 2019 to December 2023, a total of 684,413 samples were tested, including 369,620 males, accounting for 54.01%, and 314,793 females, accounting for 45.99%. Among them, there were 213,443 positive samples (31.19%), of which 40,484 ADV-positive samples (18.97%), 106,423 Flu A-positive samples (49.86%), 32,379 Flu B-positive samples (15.17%), 30,776 RSV-positive samples (14.42%), and 3,381 mixed infection samples (1.58%). Among children of different ages in Hangzhou before, during and after COVID-19, the highest total detection rate of respiratory virus was 4-6 years old (accounting for 36.69%), followed by >7 years old (accounting for 35.10%). The distribution in different seasons shows that the number of children infected with respiratory viruses reaches a peak in winter and spring. Compared with 2019 (33.20%) before the COVID-19 epidemic, the total detection rate of common respiratory viruses in children was lower during the COVID-19 pandemic (24.54% in 2020-2022), and it was increased in 2023 after NPIs were cancelled (accounting for 35.20%).
conclusionNPI measures can effectively reduce the spread of common respiratory viruses, Lifting of NPIs can lead children to an increase viral infection rate, particularly in Flu A.
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