Symbiotic bracovirus of a parasite modulate host ecdysis process.

Parasitoids modulate host development for the survival of their offspring, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the endoparasitoid Cotesia vestalis disrupted the larval-larval ecdysis in its host Plutella xylostella by the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) synthesis pathway. After parasitization by C. vestalis, the 20E peak of host larvae disappeared before the onset of ecdysis and the expression of ecdysone synthesis genes was significantly downregulated. We further found that a Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene CvBV_28 - 5 was transiently high-level expressed prior to the host's 20E peak, enabling the precise suppression of this critical developmental signal. Consistently, the knockdown of CvBV_28 - 5 affected the expression of 20E response transcription factors in the cuticle and several ecdysis-related genes. Furthermore, we found that CvBV_28 - 5 bound directly to the Raf, a MAP3K member of the MAPK pathwaythat functions as a critical regulator of ecdysone synthesis genes in hosts. Collectively, our results provide the first evidence that parasitoids modulate host ecdysis by affecting MAPK-20E signaling during a defined developmental window and provide novel insights into the mechanism of parasitoid regulation of host development.