ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
A Current Sensing Cross-Component Induction Magnetometer for Use in Time-Domain Borehole Geophysical Electromagnetic Surveys.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Electromagnetic sensors are best defined by their linearity, signal sensitivity, and noise level. In borehole time-domain electromagnetics (TEM) the cross-components are defined as the two components perpendicular to the borehole's axial direction. Induction sensors measuring voltage across an open coil for the cross-components have poor sensitivity, and fluxgate magnetometers have been a common band-limited alternative for borehole TEM surveys. In this research, we use a shorted coil with current rather than voltage sensing circuitry to produce a cross-component induction magnetometer (CCIM). With flux coupling and electronic adjustments, we achieved a low-cut corner frequency of 3.5 Hz in the final design of the CCIM. For the prototype sensor, we found the simple ratio of measured inductance L to winding resistance R to be a poor predictor of the -3 dB corner frequency, and a transfer function measurement was required. The cause of the discrepancy may be that the self-inductance measured by a meter is different from the coupling inductance to an external field. The measured noise level of our CCIM sensors was 125 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz, compared to a geometrically longer axial component sensor with 4 pT/√Hz at this frequency. However, our design matched the typical fluxgate noise level of 6 pT/√Hz at 10 Hz. Further, the CCIM sensors were superior to fluxgates at frequencies higher than 10 Hz, with an internal noise level of 0.1 pT/√Hz between 100 Hz and >20 kHz. Induction coils or magnetometers measuring the cross-component are attractive because they have excellent high-frequency bandwidth and can be included in the same downhole package with fluxgate sensors.
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