Correlation Between COVID-19 Recovery, Executive Function Decline, and Emotional State.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the time since recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and alterations in executive functions. We also evaluate the emotional state of post-COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: We assessed patients between 18 and 50 years old, who had a history of COVID-19 with mild, moderate, or severe illness. We used the Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales-3 (BANFE-3), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), in addition to a semi-structured interview. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used, with a Results: We evaluated 67 patients with a mean age of 34.6±9.6 years, most of whom had ≥13 years of schooling (n=55, 82.1%). Among them, 52 (77.6%) reported persistent symptoms after resolution of the condition, with fatigue being the most frequent (n=20, 29.9%). Most participants had an adequate score on the MMSE (n=60, 89.6%). However, 19 (28.4%) showed alterations in the BANFE-3 total score, with mental flexibility as the most affected function (n=25, 37.3%). In participants from the first COVID-19 wave, a negative correlation was observed between the standardized orbitofrontal area scores and the time since recovery from the infection ( Conclusion: COVID-19 could lead to alterations in executive functions, probably resulting from progressive damage to orbitofrontal area functions, mainly in stimulus inhibition. However, the generalizability of these findings is limited, highlighting the need for further research with robust methodology. Furthermore, depression appears to be an indicator of cognitive impairment in individuals recovering from COVID-19. Therefore, cognitive rehabilitation and psychological support are essential for patients affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.