ReviewExploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy2025
Viral infections and immune modulation in bladder cancer: implications for immunotherapy.
Review in Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The emerging role of oncolytic virotherapy in genitourinary malignancies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review explores the intricate relationship between viral infections and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) efficacy, emphasizing immune modulation mechanisms that may influence treatment outcomes. Since its introduction in 1976, intravesical BCG has been a cornerstone in managing non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT). Despite its success, variability in response rates suggests that host immune status, influenced by persistent infections, immunosenescence, and antigenic overload, may play a crucial role in therapeutic effectiveness. Chronic viral infections can modulate T cell responses, leading to immune exhaustion and impaired antitumor immunity. This review discusses the interplay between viral antigenic load, immune dysfunction, and tumor microenvironment remodeling, highlighting their potential impact on immunotherapies. By integrating insights from virome analysis, immune profiling, and tumor characterization, this review proposes personalized strategies to enhance immunotherapy efficacy. A deeper understanding of viral-induced immune dysregulation may improve prognostic assessment, optimize treatment protocols, and reduce healthcare costs associated with bladder cancer. Future research should focus on targeted interventions to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of chronic infections, ultimately improving patient outcomes in NMIBC management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.