ArticleJournal of tissue engineering
Engineering growth factor gradients to drive spatiotemporal tissue patterning in organ-on-a-chip systems.
Article in Journal of tissue engineering. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- From flow to form: structuring and patterning hydrogels using microfluidic approaches.Lab on a chip · 2026Review
- Recapitulating Endochondral Ossification for Bone Repair: From Development to Engineering Strategy.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Female Reproductive Tract Organ-on-Chips: Modeling Barrier Function and Drug Transport.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Tailoring human joint-on-a-chip: from biological principles, materials, to disease modeling.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Injectable Poloxamer and Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Sustained Co-Delivery of Dexamethasone and Lidocaine Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity plays a key role in the development and function of human tissues and therefore needs to be incorporated within in vitro models to maximise physiological relevance and predictive power. Here, we developed and optimised methods to generate spatial heterogeneity of hydrogel-embedded bioactive signalling molecules within organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) systems, to drive spatiotemporal tissue patterning through controlled stem cell differentiation. As an exemplar application, we spatially patterned bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in both closed-channel and open-chamber OOAC formats. The resulting BMP-2 gradient in 3D heparin methacryloyl/gelatin methacryloyl, successfully drove spatially divergent differentiation of human bone marrow-derived stem cells into bone-like and cartilage-like regions, mimicking the process of endochondral ossification in the growth plate. The application of hydrogel-embedded morphogens to drive spatial tissue patterning within OOAC systems represents a significant technological advancement and has broad-ranging applicability for a diverse range of tissues and organs, and a wide variety of OOAC platforms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.