ArticleChild and adolescent psychiatry and mental health2025
Sex-specific differences in the experience of adverse childhood experiences: transmission, protective, and risk factors from the perspectives of parents and their children-results of an 18-year German longitudinal study.
Article in Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex-specific associations of childhood adversity with frontostriatal network organization and anhedonia in young adulthood.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The transgenerational cycle of adverse childhood experiences: transmission and familial factors for intervention - first results of an 18-year German longitudinal study.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Global, regional and national burden of childhood sexual abuse and bullying in adolescents and young adults: a Global Burden of Disease 2021 analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
THEORETICAL
backgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are strongly associated with mental and physical health problems across the lifespan, emphasizing the critical need for prevention. Sex-specific differences in both the prevalence and long-term consequences of ACEs have rarely been analyzed, especially in longitudinal studies, which are particularly needed.
objectiveThis longitudinal study explores risk and protective factors as well as the intergenerational transmission of ACEs from parents to children, with a focus on sex-specific effects.
methodsData from 316 families participating in the 18-year German longitudinal project "Future Family" were analysed. The dataset included information from mothers (54 years), fathers (57 years), and their emerging adults (22 years).
resultsDaughters and mothers reported significantly more ACEs than fathers and sons, particularly in the categories of abuse and neglect. Experiencing four or more ACEs was associated with higher levels of psychological distress and lower life satisfaction for both parents and children. Approximately half of the emerging adults experienced a similar number of ACEs as their parents; however, the types of ACEs often differed, with children encountering distinct ACEs. Protective factors, such as higher maternal socio-economic status, maternal participation in the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), and fewer internalizing problems in early childhood, were associated with a reduced number of ACEs in children by the age of 18.
conclusionAlthough women report higher rates of ACEs, men are not less affected in terms of psychological distress. Sex-specific considerations appear to be crucial in the prevention of ACEs and should be integrated into targeted strategies. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both parents' perspectives in developing and implementing effective preventive interventions in families.
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